Soft Computing in Water Engineering

Soft Computing in Water Engineering

Monitoring and Forecasting Surface Water Area Dynamics of the Bakhtegan Wetland, Iran, Using a Multi-Scale Hybrid Stacking Framework and Explainable AI

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Department of Information Technology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, I. R of Iran
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zabol, P.B. 9861335856, Zabol, Iran
3 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.Box, 19395-3697 Tehran, I. R of Iran
10.22034/scwe.2026.240765
Abstract
Arid wetlands like Iran's Bakhtegan face severe desiccation from climate change and human activities. Monitoring these ecosystems is hindered by insufficient in-situ data and complex non-linear dynamics, making high-precision monthly forecasting in ungauged basins a significant challenge for water engineering. Objective: This study develops a robust monthly Area (SWA) forecasting framework using a multi-scale hybrid Stacking Ensemble. The goal is to integrate satellite data with explainable AI (XAI) to ensure physical interpretability and provide a reliable tool for early warning systems. A 10-year (2013 to 2023) dataset of Landsat 8/9, CHIRPS, and MODIS data was extracted via Google Earth Engine. After Savitzky-Golay denoising, a two-layer Stacking Ensemble integrating XGBoost, ExtraTrees, and Ridge Regression was implemented. Hydrological memory was explicitly modeled using 1-month and 12-month lags alongside 6-month cumulative water balances. The framework achieved high accuracy with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.81, R2 = 0.81, outperforming LSTM (0.72) and ARIMA (0.70) benchmarks. Uncertainty analysis via 95% confidence intervals and time-series cross-validation confirmed the model’s robustness. This research offers a scalable and interpretable soft computing tool for water management in data-scarce regions. By providing reliable forecasts, it supports decision makers in optimizing water allocation and preventing ecological collapse in endangered hypersaline wetlands globally.
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